Category Archives: religion

Virtue

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I’ve been reading Aristotle’s Ethics lately. In it, he spends considerable time defining what it means to be virtuous. His investigations consider how one’s feelings or actions determine how one measures up virtue-wise, the general rule being the exercise of moderation in one’s behavior, avoiding excess on the one hand but acting when action is called for, providing it’s the right action to the right person to the right extent at the right time with the right motive in the right way.

As I think about it, it seems to me excessive behaviors are not something I might be accused of but perhaps I am a bit lax when it comes to social action. Even so, I wonder if I want the label. Assuming virtuosity as a personal trait seems a bit pretentious. I guess, though, there’s nothing wrong in having pride in one’s good behavior, but I have to wonder how capable I am of getting all the ‘rights’ right.

The Importance of Pluralism

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As Christianity took hold in Rome following the dream that inspired Constantine to declare it acceptable, lawful and primary within the empire, church fathers imposed their political will.  Christian orthodoxy became the law of the land, all unorthodox believers subject to extreme punishment or death.  Huge numbers were forcibly baptized, making them subject to the will of the Church.  The results of this oppression suppressed free thought and led to the destruction of the learned texts and knowledgeable thought of the previous 500 years.  As these dark ages persisted literacy disappeared and western civilization reverted, learning replaced by mythical thinking. 

How are things different now?  Strong armed political will push a narrative aimed toward personal enrichment for a few without regard to the majority.  200 years of intellectual progress opened myriad ideas producing unprecedented cultural and technological innovation in a truly pluralistic society is being attacked.  The xenophobic fears of a populous looking backwards are in danger of finding themselves living in the kind of closed society that history informs us has been the demise of many earlier civilizations. 

The Demise of Closed Societies

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The historical significance of an open society; encouraging immigration, acceptance of cultural and religious differences has produced over the centuries multi-cultural populations sharing diverse ideas that result in a more productive society; room and time for people to excel at what they do best.

Even so, there are those among us, a conservative population, comfortable with their neighbors of similar ethnicity, religious beliefs and culture, where the status quo is an undeniable rule. Immigrant populations are discouraged, disallowed to participate, denied an initial hand-up and isolated rather than given the means to assimilate, which is what they desire.

It should be remembered that over the course of history closed societies are destined for collapse.

Plato’s Republic

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Plato’s Republic is a dialectical exercise in defining the ideal society.

A Guardian class consisting of the best and most fit physically and mentally is to be selected at a very young age to receive an education through a carefully ordered curriculum that will instill those qualities most favorable to preservation of the state. These Guardians will learn to put the state first above all other considerations, will distain personal gain while living in communal groups without material advantage. the best of these Guardians will be chosen to lead as philosopher kings, ensuring justice for all in this Ideal State.

What could go wrong?

It was argued among the dialecticians that human nature, being what it is, drawn to personal gain, when beyond observation of the populous, will be compelled to forego the practice of justice to gain material advantage. Who will dominate: the just, being good and wise, satisfied with the status quo or the unjust, the bad and ignorant who seek personal gain?

Morality emerges as a potential control factor. (Plato’s)Socrates identifies the soul existing in all people containing the Good as presented in the perfection of the Forms from which the imperfections of the material world are but flawed copies.

Plato’s allegory of the cave relates mankind’s lack of understanding: prisoners chained facing a dark wall, unable to turn, experience only shadows of reality. Not until they are allowed to turn can they see the beauty and complexity of the world. Such is the state of man.

Predicating Christianity

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I’ve been reading how Plato and like thinkers derived, through dialectical thinking the existence of metaphysical forms, ideals that exist of which everything on earth are but imperfect copies.

(Plato’s) Socrates compares the ‘unbegotten’ immortal soul to a charioteer in a chariot with two-winged horses that when perfect soars upward, ordering the world, whereas the imperfect soul, loses its wings, drops in its upward flight, settles on the ground as an earthly creature.

From the earliest times, great minds have found meaning beyond the material world, which is not to discount other great minds that have found, through empirical observation, sufficient explanation for existence in natural philosophy.

Osmosis

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I’ve been thinking about osmosis as being, on the one hand, a fact of science and as an imaginative concept on the other. The reality of osmosis as apparent in the loss of air in car tires over time demonstrates the movement of a tangible material (air) through an otherwise impermeable material (rubber).

Which, I guess, demonstrates the movement of subatomic particles in space and confirms that on the molecular level nothing is ‘solid’ but rather transitional, in flux and changeable.

Which brings to mind our inherent impermanence as bodies in space. Such perspective, when thought about ought to temper the inclination to react too strongly to the political events of the day.

An Open Society

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The history of humankind records periods of time when openness to multicultural interactions and beneficial trade opportunities sped the development of civilization. Intellectual exchange produced new ideas that led to economic stability that freed up time for the revelation of personal skill sets that provided a more functional society. Cities grew; living standards improved.

History informs us of other periods of time, of isolationism, when strong leaders were unwilling to participate in open exchange, were content in their belief that autonomous existence was safer, superior to competition imposed by multicultural exchange. Such a mindset, though, was unprepared to flex when the need for innovation to overcome extended drought, for instance, are fend off enemy incursions when alliances weren’t available for support.

The old trope that ignoring history means repeating mistakes of the past seems to be happening again.

The Einsteins

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Anecdotal evidence informs us Albert Einstein did not fare well within a formal educational environment. One might surmise, considering the discoveries he later made in theoretical physics, the pace and structure of conventional rote learning didn’t work for him.

His Theory of Relativity remains the paradigm for understanding the relationships between space/time and gravity. The idea that large bodies in space warp the trajectory of light means, I guess, that the actual location of the celestial body emitting that light is somewhere other than the location of the light we see, a situation exacerbated by our own movement over time. This idea of there being a fourth dimension to our three-dimensional world, the mathematical specifics of which notwithstanding, offers, when considered from a scifi perspective, immense opportunity for the creative mind.

Logos

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I’ve been reading about the early philosophers, the pre-Socratics, the men who first put into words the essential questions about the nature of our existence in this world. Some of these deep thinkers saw divine reason in the flow of life, a creative order beyond understanding that in their minds explained why the world is the way it is.

Well before these Greek thinkers sensed the presence of the supernatural, pre-historical men believed beings existed within their natural environment inhabiting the natural flora and fauna around them. These powerful spirits required, in their minds, placation, sometimes sacrifice.

How much did fear of the unknown, overwhelming uncertainty play in turning to invention of the divine, or was recognition involved? When did man develop a sense of inherent soul in their fellows, a moral worth that opened their minds and hearts to a world infinitely greater than the mean existence of mere survival?

Human Nature

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A Pragmatist is someone who sees true reality and works with it, within the limitations of what is at hand. An Idealist sees the reality of what is, finds it lacking and seeks to change things for the better. In either case, these are all people of action, seeking positive outcomes, though the results they seek may differ, one being of a personal nature the other altruistic.

There are, however, those pragmatists who choose a life path of least resistance as they seek the easiest means of finding a comfortable existence, which might mean overstepping legal and moral imperatives, taking advantage of an open society. And there are those idealists, who, finding society resistant to change, are unable to reach their goals, give up, living out their lives amorally on the social fringes.

Human nature determines the path taken, but success and well-being will require a moral commitment.